HELLENISM; HELLENIST. The event caught the attention of the Greek Orthodox Church. Hellenism (Ἑλληνισμός) represents the totality of Hellenic culture, it is understood as a "body of humanistic and classical ideals associated with ancient Greece" as well as to identify "the language, culture, and values of the Hellenes." I am going back Alexander. Cultivating Arete for modern Hellenists implies improving all aspects of their life and thus improving their soul[22], Xenia (ξενία) is the concept of hospitality and is sometimes translated as 'guest-friendship' or 'ritualized friendship'. [16] The American group Elaion uses the term "Dodekatheism" (Greek: δώδεκα, dodeka, 'twelve' + θεϊσμός, theïsmós, 'belief in the gods') to describe their approach to the Hellenic religion, stating that the term "has been used for some time within and outside Greece to refer to ancient Greek religion and we feel that it is important for those of us outside Greece share a common name and identity with our co-religiosts in the homeland of our spirituality", and that the term 'Hellenism' is linked too closely in current use to the modern Greek nation. Der Hellenismus ist durch die Ausbreitung griechischer Sprache, Kunst, Wissenschaft und Lebensweise bis nach Indien gekennzeichnet und endet mit der Eroberung der Nachfolgereiche (Diadochenreiche) durch die Römer und deren Eingliederung ins Römische Reich (30 v. Plutarch's Lives of some Hellenistic kings and politicians are of the utmost importance. [2] : the Hellenism of Alexandrian Jews. 257 Seiten, 32 Fototafeln, 27 Textillustrationen, eine Zeittafel, Inhaltsverzeichnis, Verzeichnis der Textillustrationen, Abbildungsverzeichnis, Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis, Register von Helga Häusler, Inhaltsverzeichnis Dieses Buch ist nicht für den Hellenismus-Spezialisten geschrieben, nicht einmal für den Althistoriker im allgemeinen. Account & Lists Account Returns & Orders. Figurative art certainly had a wide appeal, as can be deduced from the amount of cheap, but graceful, figurines of this period. Weitere Ideen zu hellenismus, kriegerin, hoplit. The Greek idea of Fortune (Tyche) increased in importance and was worshiped as a goddess, partly owing to Oriental influences. geschichtliche Epoche: Eroberungszügen Alexanders des Großen (334 v. This conflation of Hellenism with/as Hellenic religion in the Anglosphere is the result of English translations of primary sources from Antiquity. No doubt there were educated people who cared little for gods, either Greek or Oriental. The last strong resistance of the Macedonian-Greek elements against the Romans was provoked and supported by Mithridates VI Eupator about 80 B.C.E. Droysen's notion of Hellenism has also deeply influenced the work of literary historians such as U. Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, F. Susemihl, F. Leo, E. Norden, and R. Pfeiffer. However, even in Judea the Hellenizing movement under Antiochus IV came near to prevailing. and ended in violent repression by the Romans. without sacrifices prayers are words only; but accompanied with sacrifices they become animated words; and words indeed corroborating life, Hellenists are divided upon the question of animal sacrifice. Pergamum became a Roman province (province of Asia) in 129 B.C.E., Bithynia in 74. Hello Select your address Books Hello, Sign in. Associated Press, Zeus Worshippers Demand Access to Temple. The last act of resistance against the Romans during the Hellenistic period in the East was not Greek, but Jewish. [45] The most notable was Godefroi Izarn, the Marquis de Valadi, a young member of a wealthy French family who adopted a "Pythagorean mode of life". Cart All. He returned to France to fight in the French Revolution in 1789 (he reportedly said, "I came over Diogenes. [31] The festivals typically commemorate events in Greek history, honoring deities that the festivals celebrate, and connote spiritual themes. Euclid, Apollonius of Perge, and Archimedes represent the culmination of Greek research in geometry and mechanics. Church of Hellenes", Hellenion, Inc. Condition: Gut. According to an 1875 profile in Fraser's Magazine, Franshem's "libations to the Penates found their way down his own throat, and when he sacrificed a fowl to 'Esculapius it was usually in the form of chicken-broth for his supper. A "known religion" in Greece. The works of the great historians of the Hellenistic age (Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris, Timaeus, Agatharchidas, Phylarchus, and Posidonius) are all lost, with the exception of Polybius, and only fragments of his work remain. In "Judaism and Hellenism ” the author explores the relationship between these two ancient cultures by examining the ancient and modern historiography of the Maccabean Revolt and the role of the Torah in ancient Jewish adaptations of Greek culture. The Labrys religious community has published a book. In contrast to revivalist traditions, Reconstructionists are culturally oriented and attempt to reconstruct historical forms of religion and spirituality, in a modern context. ass eng Geschichtsperiod a Griicheland, déi bis op d'grouss Figure wéi den Alexander de Groussen oder d'Kleopatra relativ mëssverstane gëtt. D. Heinsius developed the notion that Jewish Hellenistai used a special Greek dialect (lingua hellenistica), which is reflected in the Septuagint translation of the Bible. Everywhere the new literature and art interested large strata of the Greek-speaking public, which was predominantly middle-class. A Classicist Looks at Neopaganism", "Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition: What do you think you will achieve by returning to the Ancient Ways in today's society? The celebrations incorporate religious themes, arts, sacrifices and offerings, family get togethers and feasts. For the Greeks, "their gods were at the same time universal, found everywhere and powerful over the whole world, and intensely local, manifesting themselves in particular places."[27]. Some are fine with the practice,[17] while others do not engage in the practice at all. [24][25] Historically, hospitality towards foreigners (Hellenes not of your polis) and guests was a moral obligation. "The bricolage and re-imaginings of contemporary Pagans is not entirely different from that of ancient Greek religious culture and that even classical scholars inevitably re-imagine the gods."[36]. The schools and the gymnasia were organized according to Greek tradition: Homer, the tragedians of the fifth century (especially Euripides), and the orators and historians of the fourth century were the models of the new classicism. Chr. Except in Judea, which had an original literature in Hebrew and Aramaic even under Greek rule, the important developments in literature were all in Greek. An alternative english spelling for Hellenism is Hellenismos. They were joined by more or less Hellenized Orientals and later by Italians. [85] The community has been organizing since 2008 the largest festival in Athens and also actively participates and supports the religious aspects of the oldest Hellenic festival in Greece, Prometheia[86] which is held every year on Mount Olympus. Egypt was the last important survivor of the political system which had developed as a consequence both of the victories of Alexander and of his premature death. His work inspired a limited number devotees. The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. W.W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilization (19523); M. Hadas, Hellenistic Culture (1959); V.A. [20] For a number of Hellenists, cultivating Arete is considered one of the highest things to cultivate and focus on for modern Hellenists and that cultivating it will lead to a good life. In Greece, and in its diaspora, the revival of Hellenic religious expression is typically only part of a larger social movement of re-Hellenizing Greek identity in a comprehensive way, not only religious. Contact between Greeks and Semites, probably including Jews, seems likely to have occurred in Mycenaean times, as remains of Greek pottery in Palestine and Syria testify. The third century was the period of the greatest power and prosperity of these kingdoms. The organization primarily refers to the religion as the "Ethnic Polytheistic" or "genuine Hellenism"[65] and its practitioners as Ethnikoi Hellenes, "Ethnic [National] Hellenes". There are signs that much of the literature now lost was fairly popular in character. Ancient Greece. Levine, Judaism and Hellenism in Antiquity (1998); A. Momigliano, Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization (1975); E.S. The foundation of new cities (especially in the Seleucid kingdom) and of new villages (particularly in Egypt) contributed to the spread of Greek, but the peasants and the native priests kept the indigenous languages alive. Some informal naming conventions have developed since the formation of the first Hellenic religious organizations in the 1990s, based on academically accepted descriptive definitions. (In certain isolated areas it survived until the 12th century, see Tsakonia and Maniots) [34] The majority of modern Hellenistic organizations outside of Greece view their religious praxis as "reconstructionist" and sometimes as "revival." 1 : grecism sense 1. [30], There are many festivals throughout the year that many seek to celebrate, where the dates are often set by the lunisolar Attic calendar. This collaboration was precarious in Greece alone, where consequently there was no political stability. SPIRITUAL RESISTANCE AGAINST GREEK AND ROMAN RULE: M. Radin, The Jews among the Greeks and Romans (1915); M. Braun, History and Romance in Graeco-oriental Literature (1938); H.L. A „hellenizmus” alapvetően a görög kultúra elemeinek más kultúrák elemeivel keveredését jelenti, amely egyszerre a görög műveltség terjedése, és ennek révén új, a korábbitól különböző kultúrák megjelenése. Philosophy and religion both provided escape from worldly commitments and consolation for disappointments. "[45], Another example of an 18th-century literary figure who may have considered himself a Hellenist was Thomas Taylor (1758–1835), who produced the first English translations of many neoplatonic philosophical and religious texts. The empire of Alexander the Great was the result of the military and intellectual cooperation of Greeks and Macedonians, who constituted the ruling class in the states emerging from the struggles of Alexander's successors. YSEE uses the terms "traditional", "ethnic", and "genuine" to refer to their religious practices. Planung eines Feldzuges gegen die Perser Nachfolger wurde sein Sohn Alexander 3 Feldzuge führten zur Machtergreifung Kleinasiens 10 Juni 323 v. Chr. In Sextus Empiricus' "Against the Professors", a criticism of professors of all arts and sciences, Ἑλληνισμός is translated by Robert Gregg Bury as "hellenism". [47] He refused, and suggested Valadi learn Greek and become the head of the sect himself. Valadi began his studies at Glasgow, where he learned of Taylor, to whom he wrote in a letter: Valadi paid Taylor to live in his house and study under him, but his tenure as Taylor's disciple was short lived. ), Cultures of the Jews (2002), idem, Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (2002). [29] Some instead offer symbolic food of the animal that is sacrificed instead of the animal, often though not exclusively fruit, breads, or cakes. T Therefore, Ællinismόs is defined as anything Greek, even such things as the Greek Orthodox church, Greek cuisine, or … "[35] American classicist, Sarah Iles Johnston affirmed contemporary practice. These are rooted in the various ancient Greek values concepts that they look to for guidance and inspiration from the Tenets of Solon, the Delphi Maxims, the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, Epicurean Philosophy, the ethics of Aristotle, Stoic Philosophy and more. [12], The phrase Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism refers specifically to the methodology used by some practitioners to recreate the religion based on academic sources, rather than the religion itself, and not all Hellenic Polytheists are reconstructionists. [21] Modern Hellenists believe that by living up to one's full potential. The fact remains, however, that the political organization of Egypt was different from that of Syria, and both Egypt and Syria were of course different from Pergamum (where the king was much more the head of a Greek community) and from Macedonia, not to speak of the Greek city-states and leagues (Aetolia, Achaea, etc). Furthermore, from the end of the third century onward any Greek would also increasingly feel the presence of a new intimidating power – Rome. [55], The first modern Hellenic temple dedicated to the Hellenic Gods was started in 1994 just outside Thessaloniki in the village of Oraiokastro and completed in 2009. Notio aevi Hellenstici instituta est ab historico Germanico Iohanne Gustavo Droysen, qui dixit in Hellenismum et culturam Graecam et varias Orientales coniunctas fuisse.Inde urbes praestantissimae ab Graecia ipsa ad Pergamum, Rhodum, Antiochiam, et Alexandria Skip to main content.ca. Hellenism (Ἑλληνισμός)[a] represents the totality of Hellenic culture, it is understood as a "body of humanistic and classical ideals associated with ancient Greece"[1] as well as to identify "the language, culture, and values of the Hellenes. [17], Eusebeia (εὐσεβής) is often translated as piety or reverence towards the gods,[18] it can also be translated as right action. [87], In Brazil, there are some Hellenic religious groups, in different states. The Seleucid state included territories which differed from each other economically and socially. In the USA through Hellenion. Reporters at the event suggested the church might step up their opposition to the legitimizing of Hellenism. to indicate the penetration of elements of Greek civilization into territories which, though subject to Greco-Macedonian rule for a certain period of time, preserved their national culture with conspicuous success. ADD. Ancient Greek gods' new believers. New prose genres, such as the erotic novel, were meant to appeal to a large public. However, a progressive transformation of the old city cults was noticeable, with a new emphasis on free associations of devotees of a specific god, on mysteries, on spiritual notions such as philanthropy and purification. Egypt was the last important survivor of the political system which had developed as a consequence both of the victories of Alexander and of his premature death. If some poets were obscure and full of subtle allusions to the literature of the past (Callimachus, Lycophron, Euphorion, and to a certain extent Theocritus), others were easily comprehensible (Menander, Herodas, and perhaps Apollonius Rhodius). In the 18th century in Germany, J.G. Hellenion does not provide official membership numbers to the public, but an unofficial estimate of 43 members was made for 2007 and approximately 100 members for 2017. He intended to continue his work in further volumes, but never did so, and it is not quite clear from what he says whether his original intention was to reach the age of Muhammad or to stop with Augustus. Matter specifically connected the word Hellénisme with the thought of the Greek-speaking Jews of Egypt. Almost everywhere during the second century B.C.E. Eratosthenes applied mathematics to geography and Aristarchus developed the heliocentric theory, but Hipparchus (who made fundamental discoveries in astronomy) persuaded the succeeding generations with his new version of the geocentric system. The word appears in his letter to Arsacius, High-priest of Galatia. He was surrounded by a hierarchy of officials with specific functions. The Seleucids never made any serious attempt at central control of the economic affairs of their state. Economic production, taxation, relations between natives and Greeks, and religious institutions varied greatly from state to state. Because of the choice in translation, English speaking polytheists claim Julian used the term to define Ἑλληνισμός as traditional Graeco-Roman religion. Practicing Eusebeia is an important and key ethic for many modern Hellenists. Grabbe, Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian, 2 vols. 3 : Greek civilization especially as modified in the Hellenistic period by influences from southwestern Asia. Scientific medicine flourished in Alexandria and elsewhere: The advances in anatomy (Herophilus), physiology (Erasistratus), etc., remained unsurpassed until the Renaissance. Palazzo Int is a Wholesale and retail for historical facilities of all kinds. The Survival of Paganism in Christian Greece: A Critical Essay. The army in each country was modeled on the Macedonian prototype which had ensured Alexander's victories. In 1833 he published a volume on Alexander the Great; and in 1836 and 1843 he published two volumes of Geschichte des Hellenismus embracing the century 323–222 B.C.E. However, a knowledge of the political history of Hellenism is hampered by the fragmentary nature of the surviving sources. HELLENISM, term generally used by historians to refer to the period from the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.E.) Epicurus preached the indifference of gods to human events and Euhemerus reduced the gods to ancient human benefactors; yet the climate of the age was religious. The great Hellenistic states – Macedonia, Syria, Egypt, Thrace (for the brief period until 281 B.C.E. [47], In the early 20th century, several neopagan groups were formed, often incorporating elements of ancient Greek religion and honoring Greek gods, but with heavily syncretic elements drawn from Hermeticism and 19th century folklore studies. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Middle East Conflict, © 1998 - 2021 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. But research has been particularly intense and productive in the field of economic and social history (U. Wilcken, M. Rostovtzeff, W. Otto, C. Préaux, and C. Schneider) and in the field of the history of religions (F. Cumont, R. Reitzenstein, H. Usener, P. Wendland, W. Bousset, A.D. Nock, and M.P. In 1788, Valadi traveled to England in order to convince an unnamed "gentleman of eminence in the literary world" to become the head of a new Pythagorean sect, assuring him that Valadi would help him find numerous followers. HELLENISM, term generally used by historians to refer to the period from the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.E.) "[45] Despite his apparent belief in the Hellenic gods, Fransham does not seem to have been particularly devoted to their worship. Definition of Hellenism. One of the features of Romanticism was love for the classical past. Ἑλληνισμὸς μὲν οὖν ἐστι φράσις ἀδιάπτωτος ἐν τῇ....", "There are five excellences of speech—pure Greek, lucidity, conciseness, appropriateness, distinction. Greek: Αρχαία ελληνική θρησκεία. Books I, II, and III of Maccabees are invaluable for Jewish history and must be supplemented by the relevant sections of Josephus' Jewish Antiquities. In 2017, Greece legally recognized Hellenic Ethnic Religion as a "known religion", granting it certain religious freedoms in that country, including the freedom to open houses of worship and for clergy to officiate at weddings. [48] One Wiccan organization in the United States, the Aquarian Tabernacle Church, began to host a spring festival based on the Eleusinian Mysteries in 1985, which has continued to be held every year through the present day. The second edition, both in the German text and in the French translation by A. Bouché-Leclercq, became authoritative, and consolidated the notion of Hellenism as a special period of the history of antiquity characterized by a mixture of Greek and Oriental elements. The rivalries between Greek cities and the interference of the great Hellenistic states in Greek affairs led to Roman intervention at the end of the third century and ultimately contributed to the transformation of Greece into a direct Roman dependency in 146 B.C.E. Den Hellenismus gëtt dacks als eng Transitiounsperiod, a souguer Dekadenz, tëscht dem Glanz vum Klasseschen Zäitalter an der Muecht vum Imperium Romanum ugesinn. It was the first such rite performed at the temple since the ancient Greek religion was outlawed by the Roman government in the late 4th century. © 2008 The Gale Group. Monarchy was the unifying institutional fact. [70] though this number can only give the roughest approximation, as Hellenion offers hardship waivers to those who cannot afford the typical membership fees. Beloch, A. Bouché-Leclercq, J. Kaerst, W.W. Tarn, E. Bickerman, and E. Will. Reconstructionism is a methodology that attempts to accurately base modern religious practice on culturally and historically genuine examples of ancient religious practices. (1992); M. Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism, 2 vols. At least from the 16th century onward (J. Scaliger) this text was interpreted to imply a contrast between Jews who used Hebrew and Jews who used Greek in the synagogue service. [5], There are no official naming practices for labeling religious expressions deriving themselves from the Hellenic or Hellenistic culture and history in one form or another. Fabius Pictor in Rome). Zeno", Ἑλληνισμός is once again used to talk about Greek language, not religion. The king was supposed to own his own state by right of conquest (patrimonial monarchy). For the historical Greek religion, see. Hospitality towards foreign Hellenes honored Zeus Xenios (and Athene Xenia) patrons of foreigners. International trade both favored, and was favored by, this uniform upper stratum; Greek-speaking traders moved round the world. Thus Hellenism represents Greek culture and spirit. Another American group, Elaion, was founded in 2005 after members of other groups grew dissatisfied with what was, in their view, a de-emphasis on Hellenic ethics, philosophy, poetry, and art, and a re-emergence of "occult" doctrines among some practitioners. It is the transliteration of the Greek Ἑλληνισμός. Statement of Activities For the Year Ended December 31, 2007, "From Hellenismos to Threskia to Dodekathiesm", Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes (YSEE), Supreme Council of National Greeks America, Kalash: The Lost Tribe of Alexander the Great, Tropaion: researching ancient Greek religion, Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition, Pagans fight for divine rights of old Greek gods, NPR reports on "Return of the Hellenes" movement, Letter From Greece: The Gods Return to Olympus, Castro culture/Proto Gallaecian-Lusitanian, Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenism_(religion)&oldid=1009751844, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Professor Giorgos Dontas, president of the, This page was last edited on 2 March 2021, at 03:30. [6] Likewise, no Greek writer known to us classifies either the gods or the cult practices into separate 'religions'. Modern scholars have recognized local trends not only in literature but also in art. [7] Instead, for example, you see Herodotus speak of the Hellenes as having "common shrines of the gods and sacrifices, and the same kinds of customs."[8]. Gregory, T. (1986). Though the extent of his actual devotion to Ancient Greek spirituality remains unknown, brief descriptions written by others about him tend to portray him as a sincerely devout polytheist. [37][38][39][40] These groups make a clear distinction between themselves and the Neopagan movement, and identify some 'Hellenic' groups as "simply disguised as 'Hellenes' for reasons that exist hidden within the depths of their own minds." hel'-en-iz'-m, hel'-en-ist: Hellenism is the name we give to the manifold achievements of the Greeks in social and political institutions, in the various arts, in science and philosophy, in morals and religion. YSEE is also a member of the European Union's action program to combat discrimination. Hellenismus (Ἑλληνισμός) est cultus Graeca quae post victorias Alexandri Magni late ad populos externos expandit. [31], The majority of modern historians agree that the religion practiced by the ancient Greeks had been extinguished by the 9th century CE at the latest and that there is little to no evidence that it survived (in public form at least) past the Middle Ages. Nilsson). Most prominent of these modern traditions are Thelema and Wicca, though Feraferia (an American tradition founded in the 1970s by Fred Adams) places heavier emphasis on a more Hellenistic style of worship and on the Greco-Roman pantheon of gods. Father Eustathios Kollas, who presided over a community of Greek Orthodox priests, said: "They are a handful of miserable resuscitators of a degenerate dead religion who wish to return to the monstrous dark delusions of the past. The only continuous account of the Hellenistic age is found in the short summary of the Historiae Philippicae by *Pompeius Trogus (end of the first century B.C.E.) With all its regional and chronological differences, Hellenism is a cultural unity which corresponds to the existence of a uniform upper stratum of society and is reflected in the remarkable uniformity of the Greek language (the so-called koiné) from India to Gaul, wherever there was a Greek settlement. Another temple, dedicated to Alexander and the Earth opened in the nearby village of Mesaia in 2019. [53] The ceremony involved participants dressed as ancient warriors who left their swords and spears outside the sacred site, in order to represent the laying down of arms before the Olympic games. The great paradox of the Hellenistic age is that a Greek-speaking man could move easily from country to country with a reasonable expectation of finding work and being well received everywhere – and yet he would not find himself at home anywhere outside his native city. [69] The group uses the term Hellenismos (Ἑλληνισμός, [elinisˈmos]) to describe the religion. [42] Whether or not they believe that the Hellenic polytheist religious tradition is continuous, there is evidence that Greek Hellenic polytheists living in modern Greece see the movement as an expression of Greek cultural heritage in opposition to the dominant Orthodox Christianity. – though much stronger, had other sources of difficulty: they were faced by dynastic struggles in their midst, by frequent wars with their neighbors, and above all they had large native populations to control. BIBLIOGRAPHY: E. Bickermann, The Jews in the Greek Age (1988); J.J. Collins, Between Athens and Jerusalem (2002); L.L. [60], Hellenism originated in and is practiced in Greece and in other countries. Feldman, in: JSOS, 22 (1960), 215–37; H.A. Soon afterwards, on 22 January 2007, the Hellenist group Ellinais held a ceremony at the historic Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. Improved techniques of work affected the lives of the many, and town-planning together with the easier economic conditions of private persons produced better housing in many places. [90], "Olympianism" redirects here. noun ancient Greek culture or ideals. The Jewish rebellion of the Maccabees contributed to the further decline of the Seleucid state, which was transformed into a Roman province in 64 B.C.E. Hellenism (Greek: Ellinismós, Latin: Hellenismus ), also less frequently called Olympianism (Greek: Olympianismós, Latin: Olympianismus) or Dodekatheism (Greek: Dodekatheïsmós, Latin: Duodecimdeismus ), is the traditional polytheistic and animistic orthopraxic religion, lifestyle, aesthetics, and ethos of the ancient Graeco-Roman world, and is the indigenous religion of the common Greek … ). starb Alexander der Große 2 : devotion to or imitation of ancient Greek thought, customs, or styles. The word 'Hellenism' is derived from the word 'Hellen' which means Greek. "[67], Founded in the United States in 2001, Hellenion[68] identifies its practices as "Hellenic Pagan Reconstructionism" and emphasizes historical accuracy in its mission statement. [72] Two of the six proto-demoi cannot be independently verified to exist. Erudition developed for its own sake and, notably in Alexandria and Pergamum, was under royal protection. Hellenismus - Allgemeines/Merkmale 336 v. Chr.